popper ravitz kuhn hulme

good for paper:
http://principia-scientific.org/latest-news/376-kuhn-versus-popper-towards-critical-rationalism.html

Woolgar time and documents

172
investigate how scientists accomplish connections between specific research documents and their underlying realities.

"good enough"

 Methodological issues

methodological horrors!!

craft-based skills of laboratory work (not trying to deceive anyone)

173
amorphous metal alloys, metallic glasses

issues of chrystallization

spin melting

174
monitor electrical resistance:
isothermal annealing and heating at a constant rate

setting up the experiment

175

pen chart recorder - pen traces changes int he resistance of the alloy ribbon

other talk going on

talk about graph as it develops

178
indexical relations

so, what emerges is shaped by what has come and will shape what will come.
differential significance to past events

time... "stockpile scence"
refer to past procedures to figure out what is going on with abberations (tagging up) 

 179
abandon certain traces (poor electical contacts)


 captions - tell relevant features of the past - but is constructed

issues of foreign matter - establishment of a family of traces - so what is foreign ?

180
constructs of histories of the moment

persons interacting, but not being accounted for final results.

181

lots of utterances and other semiotics that interact with each other to make knowledge
most are unaccounted for in reports

chart recorder is just one part of the conversations

"character of a document is an occasioned accomplishment"

182
many artifacts "speaking"

183
reading temperature - chains of "unquestioned connections"

"assumptions of adequecy permits short cuts"


185
bump on the graph
reflective - report what is seen
- idea widely differing perceptions of the same phenomenon are commonplace to argue that the reflective view is untenable

meditative  - alternative social, historical, psychological & other factors intercede between phenomenon and its description.  (depends on implicit realism)


 constitutive: no phenomena independent of its description

the way in which such versions gain, sustain and lose their corrigibility is the focus of inquiry

186
states of "upness" and "flatness"

meditative  - up has been constructed (social expectations) - interpretive flexibility of connections

so - researcher has to concoct the presence and nature of social circumstances

constitutive - upness is result of "interaction betwen participants, and the document on the chart recorder"..."up" quality intrinsic to the curve... up is matter which could be determined in the face of various intervening social and historical circumstances" (186-187)

consider 1st and 2nd analytical positions

187

 Better test - different participants independently produce same characteristics


flat and shape

188

189
judicious juxtaposition of documents

tee gee - modify or elaborate "up" - reflexive relationship

tee gee/ up - independence? accomplish independent objectivity


190
up  moves to next new development

tee gee = functions - interactional closure on the described state of the trace

documents  frame the trace's current shape...

191

referential - what has become fact?

putting together present and past slopes


192
what has become an artifact of something else?

193

195
document as a part of already established affairs

other/ collectivity
197

Lynch The externalized retina

201
selection and mathematization
"Selection concerns the way scientific
methods of visualization simplify and schematize objects of
study. Mathematization concerns how such methods attribute
mathematical order to natural objects."

visual analysis - lacking?

visual an important part of scientific fact

202
Visuals -
They are essential to how scientific objects and orderly
relationships are revealed and made analyzable.

"To appreciate
this, we first need to wrest the idea of representation from an
individualistic cognitive foundation, and to replace a preoccupation
with images on the retina (or, alternatively 'mental images'
or 'pictorial ideas') with a focus on the 'externalized retina' of
the graphic and instrumental fields upon which the scientific
image is impressed and circulated?"

"For sociological purposes, the
"real" object is the representation in hand, e.g., the visual display,
and not the invisible phenomenon or abstract relationship "out
there. ''3 Furthermore, we need to recall that visual documents
are used at all stages of scientific research. A series of representations
or renderings is produced, transferred, and modified as research
proceeds from initial observation to final publication."

" The first collection consists of 'split-screen' juxtapositions of
photographs, diagrams, and sometimes 'models,' each of which
proposes to represent 'the same thing.' The split-screen format
enables us to discuss procedures of selection or simplification by
examining how diagrams transform photographic depictions."

"The second collection consists of illustrations which display how
a natural terrain is turned into a graphic field. These illustrations
will be analyzed for how they identify substantive properties of
depicted 'objects' with the mathematical parameters of a graph."

"Published
illustrations are not self-sufficient descriptions of research
processes. 4 They do not directly reveal how researchers produce
and utilize visual documents during laboratory projects."

203

illustrations - parasite

" The way documents are
used in natural science texts thus converges with their analytic
use here; my discussion parasitizes properties of the documents it
analyzes. Foremost among these parasitized properties is that of
how the illustration is an autonomous surface that is nonetheless
contained within a text, and which can be used in various ways by
the text's discourse to invite a reader to 'see what is being said."

"Instead of using pictures as evidence for naturalistic
claims about objective entities or relationships, I will use them
as evidence of methodic practices, accomplished by researchers
working together in groups, which transform previously hidden
phenomena into visual displays for consensual 'seeing' and 'knowing.'"

204
selective perception
ordering

way we select something 

"Selection is responsible for the constancy-phenomena:
rhythm into a monotonous succession of sonorous strokes,
it groups dispersed dots into rows, figures, and constellations.
Whatever organization may be found in experience is bestowed
upon it by the mind working on the 'primordial chaos of sensation.'
(Gurwitsch, 1964:28)"

Research teams use laboratory
practices to transform invisible or unanalyzed specimens into
visually examined, coded, measured, graphically analyzed, and
publically presented data.

filters to make manageable data

205
 issues with filters:
"The idea of selectivity or simplification serves adequately as a
starting point, as a sensitizing notion that motivates a sociological
interest in how scientific research constitutes objects of study.
I will claim here, however, that the metaphor of filtering fails to
address significant aspects of research practice. To support that
claim, and, more importantly, to point to characteristics of the
research process that are missed by the notion of selectivity, I
will discuss a series of figures chosen from various scientific texts."

" I will use
the illustrations to argue that the notion of simplification is too
simple, and that it glosses over features of transformational practices
which, when examined in their own right, do not seem to be
matters only of filtering or selection. While a few published illustrations
will not give access to the lively complexities of laboratory
work, and of the in situ work of transforming specimens into
"facts," they are adequate for the purpose of reexamining the idea
of selection or simplification in scientific 'perception.'"

208
"The diagram is a schematic representation of what
can be seen in the photograph. The members of the pair have a
directional relationship to one another: each is an independent
representation, but they are not equ.ivalent. One depends upon
the other: the diagram operates upon what is shown in the photograph
(unlike, for instance, two different technical renderings of
a same thing, 8 such as can be seen in comparisons between x-ray
and optical photographs of a distant galaxy or nebula). Although
the diagram can be seen as a schematic version of the photograph,
the photograph is not to be taken as a schematic representation
of the diagram."
sequence - directionality

" Relative to the diagram, the photograph appears
to be more "original" material," whereas the diagram is more
evidently analyzed, labeled, and 'idealized.'"

the photo is not more "true"

209
filtering - things disappear, we don't know why

uniforming -  show less variation than the original photo

upgrading - Shapes, and divisions between distinct surfaces are
made more definite. Dim differences become clear differences of
structure, and identifying features are more clearly distinguished
against their backgrounds.

Defining - Entities are not only made more like one another, they are more
clearly distinguished from unlike entities. Sensual qualities of the
image work in concert with linguistic labels and pointers to code
and categorize entities. What counts as likeness or distinctness
depends upon the analytic purposes of the text in which the
figures appear.

210
" In Figure 2, the lines and textures of the diagram adjust the
sensual qualities of what is shown to more clearly 'respond' to
the labels connected by the pointers."

eidetic images - icon!!

What I wish to argue is that, relative to the photograph, the
diagram is an emetic image 11 and not merely a simplified image.
I emphasize this relativity because it could also be argued that
relative to what would be seen in the microscope the photograph
is an eidetic image, or that relative to the original specimen the
stained and otherwise prepared slide in the microscope is an
eidetic image (note how the caption in Figure 1 states that the
ribosome in the micrograph is "defined by an outline of the salt
of a heavy metal"). By "eidetic image" I mean an icon of what
Heidegger (1967:101 - 102) calls "the mathematical" in the sense
of mathesis universalis: the theoretical domain of pure structure
and universal laws which a Galilean science treats as the founda


211
 

The figures above show more of a continuum

of representations modifying the products of previous

observations and representations. Each of these representations

selects from a prior representation, while exhibiting a dependency

on pre-established formations visible in the prior and at the same

time 'upgrading' the orderliness and utility of those formations.

Order is not simply constituted, it is exposed, seized upon, clarified,

extended, coded, compared, measured, and subjected to mathematical operations.
215
Tracings


In addition to merely synthesizing particular representations,
certain models (such as Figure 5) are drawn in such a way as to
'expose' internal or underlying 'mechanisms' that serve further to
analyze or to explain visible anatomical features.

216
The concrete representation of the
anatomical entity begins to crystallize not only what can be seen
of it in various micrographs at a comparable level of magnification,
but also what can be claimed about its biochemical structure;
a structure which could not possibly be viewed by the same
means as the anatomical outlines. Note how the cut-away view of
the cristae (Figure 5) seemingly exposes an abstract geometrical
arrangement in its inner mechanism. This juxtaposes anatomical
context and explanatory geometrics within an integrated visual
account; a visual image that nowhere could be seen or photographed
in a unified way with currently available techniques other
than through the artful assembly of such a diagram.


216
The model does not necessarily simplify the diverse representations,
labels, indexes, etc., that it aggregates. It adds theoretical
information which cannot be found in any single micrographic
representation, and provides a document of phenomena which
cannot fully be represented by photographic means.

217
Illustrations in scientific texts seldom merely depict specimens,
they integrate the individual and aggregate properties of specimens
with mathematical operations. Tables and graphs abound in
scientific publications. These visual documents integrate the substantive,
mathematical, and literary resources of scientific investigation,
and create the impression that the objects or relations they
represent are inherently mathematical.

217
for-granted mathematical sciences. From that
contemporary starting point he programmatically outlined the
problem of how the things encountered in a pre-scientific praxis
were measured by, and identified with, the limit forms of geometry:

First to be singled out from the thing-shapes are surfaces -
more or less "smooth," more or less perfect surfaces; edges,
more or less rough or fairly "even"; in other words, more or less
pure lines, angles, more or less perfect points; then, again,
among the lines, for example, straight lines are especially preferred,
and among the surfaces the even surfaces, straight lines,
and points are preferred, whereas totally or partially curved
surfaces are undesirable for many kinds of practical interests.
Thus the production of even surfaces and their perfection
(polishing) always plays a role in praxis. (Husserl, 1970:376)

The limit forms of geometry, initially used as points or lines of
reckoning for guiding constructive action, were cognitively transformed
into the basis for a Galilean physics; a physics that posited
mathematical order to be the essential underlying nature of the
empirical world.

218
 It is possible to read Husserl's account as a description, not of
a once-and-for-all historical movement from proto-science to
science, but as an account of what scientists do every time they
prepare a specimen for analysis in actual laboratory work. Starting
with an initially recalcitrant specimen, scientists work methodically
to expose, work with, and perfect the specimen's surface
appearances to be congruent with graphic representation and
mathematical analysis.14

219
The details of laboratory work, and of the
visible products of such work, are largely organized around the
practical task of constituting and "framing" a phenomenon so that
it can be measured and mathematically described. The work of
constituting a measurable phenomenon is not entirely separate
from the work of measurement itself, as we shall see.

Mathematization is embodied in the graph. The graph has
become an emblem of science which even popular advertisements
exploit. Graphing a phenomenon identifies the thing or
relationship with the analytic resources of mathematics. Just as
significantly, it places an account of the thing on paper, or prepares
the phenomenon with a practical and social universality;
not the cognitive universality of mathematics, but the mundane
durability, iterability, and invariance of a textual impression, is

224

Scientists sometimes speak of "natural laboratories;" unusual
circumstances which permit controlled observation, comparison,
and experimentation to be performed on fields, objects, or relationships
which usually occur in more confounding circumstances.

224
...select and isolate purportedly "natural" features of their
specimens that facilitate controlled observation. For instance,
areas of the brain which exhibit a "stratified" anatomy are dissected
for analysis instead of regions where the spatial arrangement
of cells does not distribute into relatively uniform regions. '9
In other words, there is a preference for specimen materials that
exhibit approximate geometricity, not because geometric form
by itself is of interest, but because such form provides a convenient
basis for specific practical actions. Figure 6, "Dr. Goring's
test objects," illustrates an early case in microscopy of a collection
of objects which exhibited unusual linearity and regularity
of magnified details. The details were not so much of interest
in themselves, as they were as naturally occurring grids for elucidating
the optical accuracy of the instruments used to examine
them."

225
leads to upgrading and framing

228
 Each
lane identifies an individual specimen, and each row identifies a
specific "molecule" analytically isolated from the specimens.
Molecular identity is visible as nothing more than the two dimensional
size of the spots and their graphic distribution. Although
more substantial than points, the "molecules" are also highly
abstract, taking the form of opaque spots identified with graphic
codes.
Variations on the commonplace organization of the graph are
endless: Are points plotted on paper 'by hand' or are they meant
to identify substantive properties of specimen residues (such as
in Figure 10)? Do lines and scales originate from the designs of
instruments (Figure 10), or do they claim a material relation to
anatomical strata (Figures 6 and 8)? Hybrid graphic features can
be viewed as relatively abstract or concrete; as originating through
literary representation or 'hands off' instrumental transfers from
'world' to paper (such as with a seismograph).

Latour visualization and cognition

 Thoughts - Fukishima? water.

 2
Goody - unexpected divides

cool:
"These quick reversals prove that !the
divide between prescientific and scientific culture is merely a border —like! that between
Tijuana and San Diego. It is enforced arbitrarily by police and !bureaucrats, but it does
not represent any natural boundary."

Why are dichotomies maintained?

avoid relativism

so, science has done much
absurdity of not seeing this new activity of science (differences in effects)



3
So, where do we go?

“Materialist” explanations often! refer to deeply entrenched phenomena,
of which science is a superstructure !(Sohn-Rethel, 1978). The net result of this strategy is
that nothing is empirically !verifiable since there is a yawning gap between general
economic trends and the !fine details of cognitive innovations. Worst of all, in order to
explain science we !have to kneel before one specific science, that of economics. So,
ironically, !many “materialist” accounts of the emergence of science are in no way
material !since they ignore the precise practice and craftmanship of knowing and hide
from !scrutiny the omniscient economic historian.

avoid materialist and mentalist

It seems to me that the most powerful explanations, that is those that generate! the
most out of the least, are the ones that take writing and imaging craftmanship !into
account. They are both material and mundane, since they are so practical, so !modest, so
pervasive, so close to the hands and the eyes that they escape !attention. Each of them
deflates grandiose schemes and conceptual dichotomies! and replaces them by simple
modifications in the way in which groups of people! argue with one another using paper,
signs, prints and diagrams. Despite their! different methods, fields and goals, this strategy
of deflation links a range of very! different studies and endows them with a style which is
both ironic and! refreshing2.

4
 
his own experience of observing "transcriptions"

 similar to
those to which Goody refers. When !these resources were lacking, the self same scientists
stuttered, hesitated, and! talked nonsense, and displayed every kind of political or cultural
bias. Although !their minds, their scientific methods, their paradigms, their world-views
and !their cultures were still present, their conversation could not keep them in their!
proper place. However, inscriptions or the practice of inscribing could.

writing as an aside of the scientific revolution? or cause of it? (manifestation or cause -- uprisings in middle east?

new ground, old marsh in terms of writing facilitating intellecutal ability?

5

binocular - hold steady focus  visual / cognitive
La Perouse - map and scale

what caused the creation of this artifact? 

To say it !in yet
other words, we do not find all explanations in terms of inscription equally !convincing,
but only those that help us to understand how the mobilization and !mustering of new
resources is achieved.


The essential
characteristics of inscriptions cannot be defined in terms of !visualization, print, and
writing.

it's not the writing itself, but the situation into which the writing is placed. 
mobilization
 7/8
a. optical consistency - perspective to create - 2 way avenues

freeways

 perspective to create hybrids

9
b. visual culture

ways in which eyes are used in certain cultures to "see" - discipline:

The new precise
scenography that results in a world view defines at once what is science,! what is art and
what it is to have a world economy. To use my terms, a little! lowland country becomes
powerful by making a few crucial inventions which allow people to accelerate the
mobility and to enhance the immutability of! inscriptions : the world is thus gathered up
in this tiny country.
maps - power in holland








c. new way of accumulating time and space

Because she considers the printing press to be !a mobilization device, or, more exactly, a
device that makes both mobilization !and immutability possible at the same time.
Eisenstein does not look for one !cause of the scientific revolution, but for a secondary
cause that would put all the !efficient causes in relation with one another. The printing
press is obviously a !powerful cause of that sort. Immutability is ensured by the process of
printing !many identical copies ; mobility by the number of copies, the paper and the!
movable type.

print shapes a world (Eisenstein)

so what happens when text can shift quickly?
12

print is an assmeblage of ideas?

graven image - to "advance" a field

how is this stuff fact? well, what is engraved becomes fact! new ways of discoursing!

"immutable mobiles"

13
favoring things that show movement

"mind is still being domesticated -- what the hell?!

Inscriptions
capital of "showing" someone


14
Dogonet - chemistry and the modern world
small changes...make huge leaps in understanding


Foucault - panopticon - emerge as science from files...

optical consistency in geology

15
" An asymmetry is created because we create a space and a time in which we place
the other cultures, but they do not do the same. For instance, we map their land, but
they have no maps either of their land or of ours ; we list their past, but they do not ; we
build written calendars, but they do not. Fabian’s argument, related to Goody’s and also
to Bourdieu’s critique of ethnography (1972) is that once this first violence has been
committed, no matter what we do, we will not understand the savages any more. Fabian
however, sees this mobilization of all savages in a few lands through collection, mapping,
list making, archives, linguistics, etc. as something evil."

knowing?

16
importance of making points in 2 dimensional shapes

objects (reminds me of drone victims)

Archives, or representations of collections!!


So, the phenomenon we are tackling is not inscription per se, but the cascade of ever
simplified inscriptions that allow harder facts to be produced at greater cost. For
example, the description of human fossils which used to be through drawings, is now
made by superimposing a number of mechanical diagrams on the drawings. The
photographs of the skies, although they produce neat little spots, are still much too rich
and confusing for a human eye to look at ; so a computer and a laser eye have been
invented to read the photographs, so that the astronomer never looks at the sky (too
costly), nor even at the photographs (too confusing).

17

increased dissention via interpretaton - cascades of inscriptions

concept of "stage" - Pasteur

earlier science - more attention to setting vs. inscription

18

What contributed to Brahe's insights?

sky - works - contradictions

19
IV capitalizing inscriptions...
 9 advantages (p. 20)

21
The mobilization of many resources through space and time is
essential for domination on a grand scale. I proposed to call immutable mobiles these
objects that allow this mobilization to take place. I also argued that the best of these
mobiles had to do with written, numbered or optically consistent paper surfaces. But I
also indicated, though without offering an explanation, that we had to deal with cascades
of ever more simplified and costlier inscriptions. This ability to form a cascade has now
to be explained because gathering written and imaged resources in one place, even with
two-way connections, does not by itself guarantee any superiority for the one who gathers
them. Why ? Because the gatherer of such traces is immediately swamped in them.




Galilelo - geometry and physics

22
Galileo - holding 3 domains

 we arrive at ideas by different paths

23
assembling allies

conservation - piaget - shift in indicators...good point!

24
we believe more in inscriptions than in other types of evidence




25
paperwork
 industrial drawing
26
Realms of reality that seem far apart (mechanics, economics, marketing, scientific
organization of work) are inches apart, once flattened out onto the same surface. The
accumulation of drawings in an optically consistent space is, once again, the “universal
exchanger” that allows work to be planned, dispatched, realized, and responsibility to be
attributed16.

"connective quality for what can be written" - but in life, too, is it not connected?
27
power through filing.

even large "entities" are created through this

domination via records

scale itself is possible to understand through recording.

concepts of metrology - stable measurements!!

money - fascinating
 code
 map - state of affairds

29
says we can't use capitalism to describe science. oh brother.
money useful when combined with other things.

30
 There is not a history of
engineers, then a history of capitalists, then one of scientists, then one of mathematicians,
then one of economists. Rather, there is a single history of these centers of calculation. It
is not only because they look exclusively at maps, account books, drawings, legal texts
and files, that cartographers, merchants, engineers, jurists and civil servants get the edge
on all the others. It is because all these inscriptions can be superimposed, reshuffled,
recombined, and summarized, and that totally new phenomena emerge, hidden from
the other people from whom all these inscriptions have been exacted.

manipulation of inscriptions = power

Class notes

class notes -
- directionality - how something moves
- serial arrangement
- lateral representations (lizards - yet another in the series) - an examination of something different, no feedback loop ?

- no feedback

Difference of objects -- 

intentionality of putting ideas together - juxtaposition - image grammar
ideas about representation without discussion; semiotic potential

How knowledge is constructed - quanitative/ qualitivate - how things come to meet, how they ought to meet. "Rules" for graphic representation

We get, from our readings - how knowledge is constructed...methods by which this work is done

representations of representations of representations...feedback loop -- scientits - where do reflexivity stand...

overview of knowledge construction couched in analysis of representational modes.

Bricolage -
mix bag...linear process? research? system from the bottom up to top down?
Mixed methods
if we switch domains - what does that mean?
Very interesting - Lineaus - taxonomy - based on the reproductive ability of an animal.

so...what happens with the platypus? is difficult to "classify"?

The ideas that we create domains....various examples of contructing domains in time, across time - circumscribing domains.

Specific domains...have consensus about what something "real" is...

Language as mediating tool
 "nature"
Emerson - anything that is not part of mind - "not me" - language used to mediate the not me...to mediate nature?

In that nature is the social ... talk is the mediating tool

Is this tied to difference or consensus?

Dialectic - social practice - social context

In Cetina -- the way in which knowledge is made.

Kuhn - talks about politics...why is it important to even look at DNA

Funding -- paying for reasearch - fame/ fortune/ status - all very political

So the idea - that questions that scientists ask are disinterested...not quite

The value of what we are going to look at...

Amann Cetina

85
consensus forming - acceptance of fact

"sense data" - test theories through experiments

underdetermination - data can never prove or disprove a particular theory

"evidence" cannot serve to as an "arbiter" - as it itself is contested

problematics of data?

natural sciences...evidence "embodied in visibility"

"seeing" and truth - we assume it is "truth-transporting"

86

Kuhn - ways of seeing - shared paradigms "correct" - grounded in research traditions

"What you see depends on where you sit" vs. "nothing is more difficult than to know exactly just what we do see"

"perceptual grammars" as shaping agents - what 'counts' as evidence?

"sense data" are constructed..."end product of socially organized procedures of evidence fixation"
87
"To "see an object is to recognize and at the same time to linguistically identify an object"

issue - "visually flexible phenomena -- boundaries at stake? good point for environmental systems!

translations - solidification of translations

DNA
88

data in labs/ evidence in scientific papers

"activity" in lab work
1. "enhancement"
2. "data" - separated out
3. evidence - data shared



- of note - tinker - to create 1.
- local relevance of pictures created
90
problems with "enhancements" serve as controls - unproblematic

data - act as a "basis for sequences of practice vs. observation at a glance
image as "working place" - "seeing as work"

machinery of seeing
ethnographic --
language evolves from images (contextualized)
language vs. conversational talk (interactive) - beyond translation of semiotics
dialogical/ interactive structure

92
machinery of seeing is talk - image analyzing -

1. Attached to object - - about and with an object

"the objects addressed by participants are also manipulated during these exchanges"

-- further complement the utterances

talk organized by documents inspected "documentary organization of talk"


2. embedded in series of exchanges - interconnected - series of displasy

image that integrates a series of exchanges...mediates it? - recursive, repeated visits to a problem


93
transactions - interactional talk - film

4. "reading" the film

94
asking questions - role of questioner/"author" of a film

95
interactional dissolution:
authors of film - informational advantage
 1. opening sequence - summons
2. information gathering/ question answer sequence

96
3. evaluative sequence
4. resolve/ performance recommendation

fragments


97
side sequences

98

Conversational devices employed in image analyzing exchanges

A. question - "which access and make public indexical information from eyewitnesses of a phenomenon

- author - questioned in iterative, stepwise fashion  as a "living archive"

followed by conclusion in form of interpretation.

 100
5.2  Optical induction

socializing, interpreting

101
discussions of levels, etc.

exchange building the probes

102
oppositive patterns of interaction - feed upon or overlay other conversational patterns

Build an argument!

103

104
 - disagreement to create new knowledge
Preference for disagreement

106

107
 analyizability

109-110- issues of mix ups, manipulation & apparatus problems

vii
scientists - representations

contstructivist/ etnomethodological

fetishization - scientific "ideas" ; experimental "methodology"

viii - pragmatism

photograph of "reality" - not so

asocial view of practical and communicative actions


representation as contextualized - in science...juxtaposing different represenations

as we move through different activity systems...represention shifts according to activity
ix
representational transparency

Latour- inscription "inscription “refers to all the types of transformations through which an entity becomes materialized into a sign, an archive, a document, a piece of paper, a trace” (Latour 1999, 306)."

2
sociology and science - way words/ ideas constructed

3

4/5
social linkages of "scientific discovery"
nature of "interests"

ethnography of the lab - extracts

inscriptions

 represenations - taking on a life of their own

6
serial
rendering
lateral movements
 images get taken up -- successively take on meaning
"natural" reality to "abstractions"

serial organization
"chains of representations"
"transferences" - crafting of resemblences - reference point?
7

original/ copy/ resemblences
 similitude
8
different types of representation
what are relations between representations?

9
scientists bricolage